Rodinal is a name that every photography enthusiast knows, especially those involved with analog photography. Rodinal is one of the oldest and most widely used black-and-white film developers in the world. Since its introduction in the late 19th century, it has stood the test of time and technological progress, and remains a preferred developer for many photography enthusiasts and professionals alike.
The History of Rodinal
The Rodinal formula was first patented on January 27, 1891, by Dr. Momme Andresen for Agfa, a German film and camera company. It is considered the first product commercially sold for film development, and was originally named “Rodigal”. However, shortly after its market introduction, it was renamed to “Rodinal”.
Rodinal is known for its longevity, as it is still manufactured and used even in the digital age. This is primarily due to it being a highly concentrated liquid developer, which is less susceptible to oxidation compared to many other developers, therefore having a significantly longer shelf life.
Distinctive Characteristics of Rodinal
Rodinal is known for its unique development characteristics that give the photos developed by it a very special quality. One of these characteristics is that it tends to exaggerate grain, resulting in images that have a coarser, textured aesthetic. This characteristic may be seen as a disadvantage by those who seek smoother, less grainy images. However, for photographers who appreciate a “grainy” aesthetic, Rodinal is an excellent choice.
In addition, Rodinal provides excellent sharpness and high acutance. “Sharpness” is a term used in photography to describe the perceived sharpness of an image, which is typically enhanced by edge contrast. This edge effect is particularly pronounced in Rodinal, leading to images that appear very sharp, even when the grain is more noticeable.
Use of Rodinal
A unique feature of Rodinal is that it works as a “one-shot” developer. Each time a film is developed, a new batch is mixed, typically at a ratio of 1:25 to 1:100. Due to its high concentration, a small amount of Rodinal can develop a large amount of film, making it economical for photographers who develop sporadically.
When using Rodinal, it is important to consider the film to be developed, the desired aesthetic, and the ratio of developer to water. A lower ratio (e.g., 1:25) results in stronger grain and higher contrast, while a higher ratio (e.g., 1:100) results in less grain and weaker contrast. The development time also depends on the type of film and the developer ratio.
Although Rodinal is a highly concentrated developer, it is not toxic. However, as it is strongly alkaline, precautions should be taken to avoid skin and eye contact. It is recommended to develop film in a well-ventilated room and to wear appropriate protective clothing.
Availability
Adox Adonal by the German company Adox is based on the last known Agfa Rodinal original formula from 2005. Compard R09 One Shot is also produced according to the original Rodinal formula. However, Adonal is characterized by improved fine grain.
Development times for various films
Film | Dilution | Developer / Water | ISO | Time | Temperature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adox CHS 100 II | 1+25 | 100 | 5:30 - 6 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Adox CHS 100 II | 1+50 | 100 | 12:30 - 13:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Adox Silvermax | 1+25 | 100 | 8 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Adox Silvermax | 1+50 | 100 | 12 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Agfa APX 100 | 1+25 | 100 | 8 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Agfa APX 100 | 1+50 | 100 | 13 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Agfa APX 100 | 1+50 | 200 | 21:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Agfa APX 100 | 1+50 | 400 | 29 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Agfa APX 400 | 1+25 | 320 | 10 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Agfa APX 400 | 1+50 | 320 | 30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
AgfaPhoto APX 100 | 1+25 | 100 | 8 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
AgfaPhoto APX 100 | 1+50 | 100 | 13 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
AgfaPhoto APX 100 | 1+50 | 200 | 21:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
AgfaPhoto APX 100 | 1+50 | 400 | 29 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
AgfaPhoto APX 100 New | 1+25 | 100 | 5:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
AgfaPhoto APX 100 New | 1+50 | 100 | 10 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
AgfaPhoto APX 400 | 1+25 | 320 | 10 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
AgfaPhoto APX 400 | 1+50 | 320 | 30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
AgfaPhoto APX 400 New | 1+25 | 400 | 7:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
AgfaPhoto APX 400 New | 1+50 | 400 | 20 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Arista EDU Ultra B&W 100 | 1+25 | 100 | 4 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Arista EDU Ultra B&W 100 | 1+50 | 100 | 8-9 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Arista EDU Ultra B&W 200 | 1+25 | 200 | 5 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Arista EDU Ultra B&W 200 | 1+50 | 200 | 8 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Arista EDU Ultra B&W 400 | 1+25 | 400 | 5:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Arista EDU Ultra B&W 400 | 1+50 | 400 | 11 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
ars-imago IMAGO 320 | 1+25 | 320 | 7:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
ars-imago IMAGO 320 | 1+50 | 320 | 13 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Bergger Pancro 400 | 1+25 | 400 | 8 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Bergger Pancro 400 | 1+50 | 400 | 22 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Bones B&W Film | 1+50 | 100 | 1 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Bones B&W Film | 1+50 | 400 | 2:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Bones B&W Film | 1+50 | 800 | 3:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Bones B&W Film | 1+50 | 1600 | 4 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Bones B&W Film | 1+50 | 3200 | 5 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
CFP Kiki Pan 320 | 1+25 | 100 | 8:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
CFP Kiki Pan 320 | 1+25 | 100 | 6:15 min | 24°C / 75°F | |
CFP Kiki Pan 320 | 1+50 | 100 | 21:00 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
CFP Kiki Pan 320 | 1+50 | 100 | 16:00 min | 24°C / 75°F | |
Ferrania Orto 50 | 1+50 | 50 | 14 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ferrania P30 Alpha | 1+50 | 80 | 14 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Fomapan 100 | 1+25 | 100 | 4 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Fomapan 100 | 1+50 | 100 | 8-9 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Fomapan 200 | 1+25 | 200 | 5 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Fomapan 200 | 1+50 | 200 | 8 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Fomapan 400 | 1+25 | 400 | 5:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Fomapan 400 | 1+50 | 400 | 11 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Fotoimpex CHM 100 Universal | 1+50 | 100 | 9 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Fotoimpex CHM 400 Universal | 1+25 | 400 | 7:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Fotoimpex CHM 400 Universal | 1+50 | 400 | 20 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Fujifilm Neopan 100 Acros | 1+25 | 100 | 7 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Fujifilm Neopan 100 Acros II | 1+25 | 100 | 7 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Fujifilm Neopan 100 Acros II | 1+50 | 100 | 16 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Holga 400 | 1+25 | 400 | 5:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Holga 400 | 1+50 | 400 | 11 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford Delta 100 | 1+25 | 50 | 7 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford Delta 100 | 1+50 | 50 | 10 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford Delta 100 | 1+25 | 100 | 9 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford Delta 100 | 1+50 | 100 | 14 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford Delta 3200 | 1+25 | 400 | 5:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford Delta 3200 | 1+25 | 800 | 7 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford Delta 3200 | 1+25 | 1600 | 9 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford Delta 3200 | 1+25 | 3200 | 11 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford Delta 400 | 1+25 | 200 | 6:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford Delta 400 | 1+50 | 200 | 11 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford Delta 400 | 1+25 | 400 | 9 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford Delta 400 | 1+50 | 400 | 20 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford FP4 Plus | 1+25 | 125 | 9 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford FP4 Plus | 1+50 | 125 | 15 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford FP4 Plus | 1+25 | 200 | 13 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford FP4 Plus | 1+50 | 200 | 20 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford HP5 Plus | 1+25 | 400 | 6 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford HP5 Plus | 1+50 | 400 | 11 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford HP5 Plus | 1+25 | 800 | 8 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford Pan F Plus | 1+25 | 50 | 6 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Ilford Pan F Plus | 1+50 | 50 | 11 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
JCH Street Pan 400 | 1+25 | 400 | 10:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
JCH Street Pan 400 | 1+50 | 400 | 22 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Kentmere 100 | 1+50 | 100 | 9 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Kentmere 400 | 1+25 | 400 | 7:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Kentmere 400 | 1+50 | 400 | 20 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Kodak T-Max 100 | 1+25 | 100 | 6 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
KONO! Monolith 64 | 1+25 | 64 | 6 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
KONO! Monolith 64 | 1+50 | 64 | 10 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
KONO! Rekorder 100-200 | 1+25 | 100 | 6 - 6:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
KONO! Schwarz-Weiß 100 | 1+25 | 100 | 8 - 9 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Kosmo Foto Mono 100 | 1+25 | 100 | 3:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Kosmo Foto Mono 100 | 1+50 | 100 | 8-9 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Lomography Black and White Berlin 400 120 | 1+50 | 400 | 17:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Lomography Black and White Fantôme 8 35mm | 1+50 | 8 | 8 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Lomography Earl Grey B&W 100 120 | 1+25 | 100 | 4 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Lomography Earl Grey B&W 100 120 | 1+50 | 100 | 8 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Lomography Earl Grey B&W 100 35mm | 1+25 | 100 | 4 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Lomography Earl Grey B&W 100 35mm | 1+50 | 100 | 8 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Lomography Lady Grey B&W 400 120 | 1+25 | 400 | 5 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Lomography Lady Grey B&W 400 120 | 1+50 | 400 | 10 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Lomography Lady Grey B&W 400 35mm | 1+25 | 400 | 5 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Lomography Lady Grey B&W 400 35mm | 1+50 | 400 | 10 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Lomography Orca B&W 100 110 | 1+50 | 100 | 9 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Lomography Orca B&W 100 110 | 1+100 | 100 | 25 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Lucky SHD 100 New | 1+25 | 100 | 6:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Lucky SHD 100 New | 1+100 | 100 | 60 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Maco ORT 25c | 1+25 | 25 | 4 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Polypan F | 1+25 | 50 | 6 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Polypan F | 1+50 | 50 | 6 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Polypan F | 1+50 | 100 | 17 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Rollei Ortho 25 | 1+25 | 25 | 4 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Rollei Ortho 25 | 1+50 | 25 | 6 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Rollei R3 | 1+25 | 400 | 12 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Rollei Retro 100 | 1+25 | 100 | 8 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Rollei Retro 100 | 1+50 | 100 | 13 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Rollei Retro 100 | 1+50 | 200 | 21:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Rollei Retro 100 | 1+50 | 400 | 29 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Rollei Retro 100 Tonal | 1+50 | 100 | 13 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Rollei Retro 400 | 1+25 | 320 | 10 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Rollei Retro 400 | 1+50 | 320 | 30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Rollei Retro 400S | 1+25 | 400 | 10:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Rollei Retro 400S | 1+50 | 400 | 22 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Rollei Retro 400S | 1+100 | 400 | 60 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Rollei RPX 25 | 1+25 | 25 | 6 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Rollei RPX 25 | 1+50 | 25 | 11 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Shanghai GP3 100 | 1+25 | 100 | 10 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Shanghai GP3 100 | 1+50 | 50 | 15 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Silberra PAN100 | 1+25 | 100 | 6 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Silberra PAN200 | 1+25 | 200 | 8 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Silberra U200 | 1+50 | 200 | 9 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Silberra U400 | 1+50 | 400 | 7:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Silberra ULTIMA100 | 1+25 | 100 | 6 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Silberra ULTIMA200 | 1+25 | 200 | 8 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Washi A 12 | 1+50 | 12 | 12 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Washi B 125 | 1+25 | 125 | 6 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Washi D 500 | 1+25 | 500 | 6 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Washi F | 1+25 | 100 | 9 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Washi G 80 | 1+25 | 80 | 5:30 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Washi I | 1+63 (H) | 80 | 6 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Washi K 100 | 1+25 | 100 | 6 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Washi P | 1+25 | 100 | 9 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Washi S 50 | 1+25 | 50 | 11 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Washi V | 1+25 | 100 | 9 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
Washi Z 400 | 1+25 | 400 | 7 min | 20°C / 68°F | |
WonderPan 400 | 1+25 | 400 | 14 min | 20°C / 68°F |
Calculation of the development solution
How much development solution do you need?